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    Underwater Archaeology
    The Nautical Archaeology Society also publishes
    The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology
    with Blackwell
    Publishing, a new series of monograph reports and a members’ newsletter,
    Nautical Archaeology
    . It runs several
    public participation projects.
    Underwater Archaeology: The NAS Guide to Principles and Practice Second Edition
    Edited by Amanda Bowens
    © 2009 Nautical Archaeological Society ISBN: 978-1-405-17592-0
    Second Edition
    Underwater Archaeology
    The NAS Guide to Principles and Practice
    Editor: Amanda Bowens, BA MA
    THE NAUTICAL ARCHAEOLOGY SOCIETY
    FORT CUMBERLAND
    FORT CUMBERLAND ROAD
    PORTSMOUTH
    PO4 9LD, UK
    This edition first published 2009
    © 2009 by Nautical Archaeological Society
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    Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
    Nautical Archaeology Society.
    Underwater archaeology : the NAS guide to principles and practice / author, the Nautical Archaeology Society; editor,
    Amanda Bowens. – 2nd ed.
    p. cm.
    Includes bibliographical references and index.
    ISBN 978-1-4051-7592-0 (hardcover : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4051-7591-3 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Underwater archaeology.
    2. Shipwrecks. 3. Underwater archaeology—Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Bowens, Amanda. II. Title.
    CC77.U5N39 2009
    930.1
    028
    04—dc22
    2007048319
    A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
    Set in 10.5/12.5 Minion
    by Graphicraft Limited, Hong Kong
    Printed and bound in Singapore by C.O.S. Printers Pte Ltd
    1 2009
    ′
    ′
    Contents
    List of Figures
    viii
    5 Project Planning
    34
    List of Plates
    xi
    The Project Design
    34
    Foreword
    xiii
    Further Information
    37
    Acknowledgements
    xiv
    6 Safety on Archaeological Sites Under
    Water and on the Foreshore
    1 The NAS Handbook – Why It Was
    Written
    38
    1
    Risk Assessments
    38
    Diving Project Plan
    39
    Codes of Practice
    39
    2 Underwater Archaeology
    2
    Control of Diving Operations
    40
    What Is Archaeology?
    2
    Working Under Water
    40
    What Is Archaeology Under Water?
    5
    Potential Diving Problems and Solutions
    40
    What Is
    Not
    Archaeology Under Water?
    6
    Safety During Excavation
    42
    Closely Related and Complementary
    Approaches (Ethnography and
    Experimental Archaeology)
    Inter-Tidal Site Safety
    43
    Further Information
    44
    8
    Further Information
    10
    7 International and National Laws Relating
    to Archaeology Under Water
    3 Getting Involved in Underwater and
    Foreshore Archaeology
    45
    Jurisdiction – Where Do the Laws
    Apply?
    11
    45
    Further Information
    13
    The Regime in International Waters
    46
    International Salvage Law
    47
    4 Basic Principles – Making the Most
    of the Clues
    Underwater Cultural Heritage and
    Salvage Law
    15
    47
    The Importance of Underwater Sites
    15
    Ownership of Underwater
    Cultural Heritage
    Site Types
    17
    48
    The Range of Evidence on an
    Archaeological Site
    Abandonment of Ownership
    48
    19
    National Legislation
    48
    Links Between Categories of Evidence
    22
    International Conventions
    49
    Using the Evidence
    22
    Case Studies
    50
    Dating
    24
    Further Information
    52
    Environment and Site-Formation
    Processes
    28
    8 Archaeological Recording
    53
    The Deterioration of Wood
    30
    The Need for Recording
    53
    Culture and Site-Formation Processes
    31
    Recording Systems
    54
    Further Information
    33
    Planning the Recording: What to Record
    54
    v
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