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Part I
1. Rangers - United States Army Rangers serve in designated U.S. Army Ranger units or are graduates from the U.S. Army Ranger School. The term ranger has been in use unofficially in a military context since the early 17th century. The first military company officially commissioned as rangers were English soldiers fighting in King Philip's War (1676) and from there the term came into common official use in the French and Indian Wars. There have been American military companies officially called Rangers since the American Revolution.
2. Homestead Act - The Homestead Acts were several United States federal laws that gave an applicant ownership of land, typically called a "homestead", at little or no cost. In the United States, this originally consisted of grants totaling 160 acres. The first of the acts, the Homestead Act of 1862, was signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln on May 20, 1862.
3. Dust Bowl -also known as the Dirty Thirties, was a period of severe dust storms that greatly damaged the ecology and agriculture of the US and Canadian prairies during the 1930s; severe drought and a failure to apply dryland farming methods to prevent wind erosion (the Aeolian processes) caused the phenomenon.
4. Adobe - is the Spanish word for mud brick, and known as clay-lump and clay bat in Britain, is both a natural building material made from sand, clay, water and some kind of fibrous or organic material. Adobe buildings are similar to cob and rammed earth buildings, but cob and rammed earth are directly made into walls rather than bricks. These bricks were used to make pueblos in New Mexico. The Anasazi, Hopi and Zuni peoples used this.
5. The Smithsonian Institution - is a group of museums and research centers administered by the Government of the United States. Founded in 1846, the Smithsonian is the world's largest museum and research complex, consisting of 19 museums and galleries, the National Zoological Park, and nine research facilities.
6. Black Friday - the day After Thanksgiving (Friday) is known as Black Friday. This also is unofficially or officially start of holiday shopping season. Almost all stores come out with Doorbuster Sales with early bird special to attract consumers to their stores. People stand in line hours before store is opened, to grab the bargain of the year.
7. CRM- Customer relationship management (CRM) is an approach to managing a company’s interactions with current and future customers. It often involves using technology to organize, automate, and synchronize sales, marketing, customer service, and technical support.
8. Mormons - Mormons are members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, which was organized in 1830. The Church headquarters in Salt Lake City Utah. Mormons believe the Bible and Jesus’ teachings in revelations to modern-day Apostles and Prophets. Mormons believe that their church is the same as the original church Jesus established when He was on the earth. The name ‘Mormon’ is a nickname because of the Church’s belief in the Book of Mormon.
9. Ellis Island - Ellis Island is an island that is located in Upper New York Bay in the Port of New York and New Jersey, United States. It was the gateway for millions of immigrants to the United States as the nation's busiest immigrant inspection station from 1892 until 1954.
10. Aspen - Aspen is situated in a remote area of the Rocky Mountains' Sawatch Range and Elk Mountains. Aspen is famous for its abundance of ski resorts.
11. Homesteaders - The homesteaders came from all over the globe, from all walks of life. They were newly arrived immigrants. They were American farmers without land of their own in the east. They were families with young kids. They were single women. They were former slaves, freed during and after the Civil War. What united this diverse group of people was the desire to own their own land. Together they were responsible for one of the most significant and enduring movements — both physically and culturally — of the expansion period of United States history.
12. Mount Rushmore Monument- Mount Rushmore National Memorial is a large-scale mountain sculpture by artist Gutzon Borglum. The figures of America's most prominent U.S. presidents--George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln and Theodore Roosevelt—represent 150 years of American history. The Memorial is located near Keystone in the Black Hills of South Dakota, roughly 30 miles from Rapid City.
13. A potlatch- A ceremonial feast among certain Native American peoples of the northwest Pacific coast, as in celebration of a marriage or accession, at which the host distributes gifts according to each guest's rank or status. Between rival groups the potlatch could involve extravagant or competitive giving and destruction by the host of valued items as a display of superior wealth.
14. Quilt - A quilt is a type of blanket, traditionally composed of three layers of fiber: a woven cloth top, a layer of batting or wadding, and a woven back, combined using the technique of quilting.
15. The Freedom trail - is a 2.5-mile-long (4.0 km) path through downtown Boston, Massachusetts that passes by 16 locations significant to the history of the United States. Marked largely with brick, it winds between Boston Common to the USS Constitution in Charlestown.
16. Continental Divide - The hydrographic line extending from Alaska to Mexico that divides the parts of North America whose waters drain to the Pacific Ocean from those parts that drain to the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans. The portion of it running along the crest of the Rocky Mountains is often called the Great Divide.
17. Death Valley - Death Valley is a desert valley located in Eastern California. It is the lowest, driest, and hottest area in North America. Death Valley's Badwater Basin is the point of the lowest elevation in North America, at 282 feet (86 m) below sea level.
18. Jim Crow’s laws - Jim Crow law, in U.S. history, any of the laws that enforced racial segregation in the South between the end of Reconstruction in 1877 and the beginning of the civil rights movement in the 1950s.
19. Hispanics - Hispanic refers to persons of all races whose personal identification and cultural heritage is tied to the use of the Spanish language".Major Hispanic groups: Puerto Ricans, Latinos, Mexican-Americans, Dominicans, Colombians, Cubans, and Central Americans.
Part II
The Trinagular Trade – this was the name given to the trading route used by European merchants who exchanged goods with Africans for slaves, shipped the slaves to the America, sold them and brought goods from the America back to Europe.
It is the history that shaped the region’s character:
Civil War ( 1861-1865)
Reason for war:
1) The North began to industrialize
2) The South remained agricultural
3) The economic and political tensions began to divide the nation
North opposed slavery, South was for slavery. Slavery also shaped American South. American South i san agricultural region.
Tactics used by M.L. King :
Boycotts, sit-ins at governmental offices, parades, demonstrations, marches, strikes, speeches,freedom rides
Puget Sound - is a sound along the northwestern coast of the U.S. state of Washington, an inlet of the Pacific Ocean, and part of the Salish Sea.
Thanksgiving – first celebration on December 3,1621. Puritans celebrated to thank God that they surived harsh winter with the assistance of their Indian friends. There was an Indian who was especially helpful cause he spoke English – Squanto. Indians gave Puritans some food. In the spring Indians showed Puritans how to grow corn, how to cultivate different plants. In the autumn 1621, the harvest was reached and Puritans thanked for survivng. The first Thanksgiving was for Indians. Of course, Indians came to the feast. They brought deer, wild turkey, they showed how to prepare popcorn. They prayed to God, played some games, sang and danced.
Indian reservations - The largest reservation, the Navajo Nation, is similar in size to West Virginia. Most Indian reservations were established by the federal government; a limited number, mainly in the East, owe their origin to state recognition.
Geography
Megalopolis - a very large city or group of cities where a great number of people live.
Ellis Island – explained somewhere above
Atlantic Northeast - The Atlantic Northeast is a region of North America, comprising New Hampshire, Vermont, Maine and the Canadian Maritimes. Definitions of the region vary; it may extend to upstate New York and/or all of Atlantic Canada.
Appalachians and Ozarks - The Ozarks, also referred to as the Ozark Mountains, Ozarks Mountain Country, and the Ozark Plateau, are a physiographic and geologic highland region of the central United States. The Appalachian Mountains often called the Appalachians, are a system of mountains in eastern North America.
Southeastern Coast - The Southeastern United States is the eastern portion of the Southern United States, and the southern portion of the Eastern United States. The most populous state in the region was Florida (19,552,860), followed by Georgia (9,992,167), and North Carolina (9,848,060).
Heartland - Heartland is an American term referring to states of the Union that – as in the words of commentator Ronald Brownstein – "don't touch an ocean,"[1] whether the Atlantic or Pacific. At least as early as 2010, however, the term Heartland is used not only to refer to the Midwestern United States, but also many so-called "red states", including those of the Bible belt.
Northern Forests - The Northern Forest is one of the nation's great forest landscapes, well known for its charismatic wildlife, breath-taking autumn foliage, outdoor recreational opportunities and vast forested areas. It stretches from Maine through northern New Hampshire and Vermont and into the Adirondacks and Tug Hill Plateau of northern New York.
Great Plains - is the broad expanse of flat land, much of it covered in prairie, steppe and grassland, that lies west of the Mississippi River tallgrass prairie states and east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States and Canada. This area covers parts, but not all, of the states of Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming, and the Canadian provinces of Alberta, Manitoba and Saskatchewan.
Rocky Mountains - The Rocky Mountains, commonly known as the Rockies, are a major mountain range in western North America. The Rocky Mountains stretch more than 3,000 miles (4,830 km) from the northernmost part of British Columbia, in western Canada, to New Mexico, in the southwestern United States.
Intermontane Basins and Plateaus - The Intermontane Basins and Plateaus region is flanked on the west by the major Pacific coastal mountain ranges and on the east by the Rocky Mountains. In broad terms, the region consists of three distinctive subregions. The extensive Colorado Plateau encompasses parts of Colorado, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico. The Columbia Plateau occupies eastern Washington, eastern Oregon, and southern Idaho. And the vast basin and range country lies between and around these two dominant plateau areas.
California Region - California's four main regions :
1) The Coast
2) The Deserts
3) The Central Valley
4) The Mountains
Pacific Northwest - is a region in western North America bounded by the Pacific Ocean to the west and, loosely, by the Rocky Mountains on the east.
Alaska - is a U.S. state situated in the northwest extremity of the North American continent. Alaska is the largest state in the United States by area, the 4th least populous and the least densely populated of the 50 United States. It was admitted as the 49th state of the U.S. on January 3, 1959.
Hawaii - is the 50th and most recent U.S. state to join the United States, having joined on August 21, 1959. Hawaii is the only U.S. state located in Oceania and the only one composed entirely of islands.
Education
K-12 - is a term for the sum of primary and secondary education. The expression is a shortening of kindergarten (K) for 4- to 6-year-olds through twelfth grade (12) for 17- to 19-year-olds, the first and last grades of free education in these countries, respectively.
A community college is a type of educational institution. In the United States, community colleges, sometimes called junior colleges, technical colleges, two-year colleges, or city colleges, are primarily two-year public institutions providing higher education and lower-level tertiary education, granting certificates, diplomas, and associate's degrees. Many also offer continuing and adult education.
Liberal arts college - is a college with an emphasis on undergraduate study in the liberal arts and sciences. A liberal arts college aims to impart a broad general knowledge and develop general intellectual capacities, in contrast to a professional, vocational, or technical curriculum.
Endowment - pertaining to funds or property donated to institutions or individuals (e.g., college endowment).
Harvard - he oldest US university and usually considered the best. Harvard is one of the Ivy League universities. It was established as a college in 1636 in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Yale - a major US university, often seen as a rival of Harvard University. It is in New Haven, Connecticut, and is known for its large library, the Yale Art Gallery and the Peabody Museum of Natural History. Yale was established (originally as Yale College) in 1701.
Princeton - one of the oldest and most respected universities in the US. It was established in 1746 and is in Princeton, New Jersey. Its presidents have included Jonathan Edwards(1757-8) and Woodrow Wilson(1902-10).
Columbia - a large private university in New York City. It was established in 1754 as King's College and became Columbia University in 1896. It has a high reputation for training students to become doctors, lawyers and journalists.
Stanford - a major private university in Stanford, California, near Palo Alto. It was established in 1885 by Leland Stanford and his wife. In 2003 it had about 14 000 students.
MIT – a US university known especially for its science courses and research. It was established in 1861 in Boston and moved in 1916 to Cambridge, Massachusetts, close to Harvard University. It is considered to be one of the best science and technology universities in the world.
Williams College -is a private liberal arts college located in Williamstown, Massachusetts, United States. It was established in 1793 with funds from the estate of Ephraim Williams.
Amherst College - is a private liberal arts college located in Amherst, Massachusetts, United States. Amherst is an exclusively undergraduate four-year institution.
The Ivy League - connected with a group of eight traditional universities in the eastern US with high academic standards and a high social status.
California Insitute of Technology - is a private research university located in Pasadena, California, United States.
Religion
Protestantism - the beliefs and principles of the part of the Western Christian Church that separated from the Roman Catholic Church in the 16th century. The United States is also the home for 20% of the world's Protestants, or some 150 million people, making it the country with the largest number of Protestants.
justification by grace through faith - In Christianity, the belief that a person can achieve salvation only through faith and reliance on God's grace, not through good deeds. The phrase is adapted from a sentence in the epistles of Paul in the Bible : “By grace are ye saved through faith; and that not of yourselves: it is the gift of God.”
The elect - people who have been chosen to be saved from punishment after death.
Baptists - a member of a Christian Protestant Church that believes that baptism should take place when a person is old enough to understand what it means, and not as a baby.
The amish - the members of a strict religious group in N America. The Amish live a simple farming life and reject some forms of modern technology.
Pietists - Pietism A reform movement in the German Lutheran Church during the 1600s and 1700s, which strove to renew the devotional ideal in the Protestant religion.
Evangelicas – believers of the strong belief of some Christian groups in the authority of the Bible and the importance of people being saved through faith.
United Methodist Church - is a Methodist–Christian denomination that is mainline Protestant today. It embraces both liturgical and evangelical elements
Salvation Army - a Christian organization whose members wear military uniforms and work to help poor people.
California
California and Hawaii
These two states have a few things in common
1.Culturally diverse population (Engl&Span)
2.Lots of sun and sand
CALIFORNIA- the golden state
-California has the largest population of any states in the nation
-The California’s people come from many places and cultures
-1/4 of its population is Hispanic (these people speak Spanish, refuse to assimilate, come from Mexico, Cuba, Puerto Rico)
-California has also a large Asian population (Chinese and Japanese)
-bilingual state
-California is very often called Modern El Dorado as it has practically everything people seek for:
1.moderate climate,
2.warm temperatures year round,
3.the state lies in the “Sun Belt” area
The Sierra Nevada
- the gold was found there in 1848 on the American River by a man called James Marshall who was building a sawmill. He discovered yellow flakes of gold in the water.
-His discovery started a huge rush of men to California (approximately 80,000 people rushed to California in 1849 and they earned the name Forty-Niners)
Death Valley
-the lowest spot in the U.S.A. It is also one of the hottest and driest (desert). No water there at all.
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