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    An Introduction to
    International Varieties
    of English
    Laurie Bauer
    Edinburgh University Press
    An Introduction to
    International Varieties
    of English
    Laurie Bauer
    Edinburgh University Press
    © Laurie Bauer, 2002
    Edinburgh University Press Ltd
    22 George Square, Edinburgh
    Typeset in Janson
    by Norman Tilley Graphics and
    printed and bound in Great Britain
    by MPG Books Ltd, Bodmin, Cornwall
    A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library
    ISBN 0 7486 1337 4 (hardback)
    ISBN 0 7486 1338 2 (paperback)
    The right of Laurie Bauer
    to be identified as author of this work
    has been asserted in accordance with
    the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
    Disclaimer:
    Some images in the original version of this book are not
    available for inclusion in the eBook.
    Contents
    Acknowledgements
    v
    Abbreviations and conventions used in the text
    vi
    To readers
    vii
    1 Background notions
    1
    1.1 Accent, dialect, language and variety
    2
    1.2 Home and colony
    4
    1.3 Colonial lag
    5
    1.4 Dialect mixing
    6
    Exercises
    11
    Recommendations for reading
    12
    2 English becomes a world language
    13
    2.1 The spread of English
    13
    2.2 Models of English
    19
    2.3 English in Scotland and Ireland
    25
    Exercises
    28
    Recommendations for reading
    29
    3 Vocabulary
    32
    3.1 Borrowing
    33
    3.2 Coining
    40
    3.3 The results
    42
    Exercises
    44
    Recommendations for reading
    45
    4 Grammar
    46
    4.1 Morphology
    46
    4.2 Syntax
    48
    4.3 Discussion
    58
    Exercises
    59
    Recommendations for reading
    60
    iv
    INTERNATIONAL VARIETIES OF ENGLISH
    5 Spelling
    61
    5.1 Lexical distributional differences
    62
    5.2 Variation in the system
    62
    5.3 Conclusion
    66
    Exercises
    67
    Recommendations for reading
    68
    6 Pronunciation
    69
    6.1 Describing varieties of English
    69
    6.2 Input varieties
    71
    6.3 Influences from contact languages
    73
    6.4 Influences from other colonies
    74
    6.5 Influences from later immigrants
    75
    6.6 Influences from world English
    75
    6.7 Differences between varieties
    76
    Exercises
    82
    Recommendations for reading
    83
    7 The revenge of the colonised
    84
    7.1 Vocabulary
    86
    7.2 Grammar
    86
    7.3 Pronunciation
    88
    7.4 Conclusion
    90
    Exercises
    91
    Recommendations for reading
    92
    8 Becoming independent
    93
    8.1 British Englishes
    95
    8.2 North American Englishes
    97
    8.3 Southern hemisphere Englishes
    98
    8.4 Discussion
    99
    8.5 The break-up of English?
    100
    Exercises
    102
    Recommendations for reading
    103
    9 Standards in the colonies
    104
    9.1 Moving away from the standard in vocabulary
    104
    9.2 Moving away from the standard in grammar
    105
    9.3 Moving away from the standard in pronunciation
    108
    9.4 Discussion
    110
    Exercises
    112
    Recommendations for reading
    112
    Discussion of the exercises
    113
    References
    127
    Index
    133
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